Week 1: Introduction to ICT & Hardware

Foundation concepts and computer components

💻 What is ICT?

ICT = Information + Communication + Technology

A diverse set of technological tools and resources used to communicate, and to create, process, store, and manage information.

Main Components of ICT

Hardware: Computers, servers, devices
Software: Applications, operating systems
Networks: Internet, communication systems
Data: Storage, databases
People: Users, developers, IT professionals

Real-World Example

When you order from Trendyol or Amazon:

Hardware: Servers, your phone/computer
Software: Shopping app, payment system
Networks: Internet, mobile data
Data: Product information, user accounts
People: Customers, developers, support staff

🖥️ Computer Hardware Fundamentals

Main Hardware Components

1. CPU (Central Processing Unit)

The "brain" of the computer that executes instructions

Components:

ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit)
Control Unit
Registers

2. Memory

RAM: Random Access Memory (volatile, fast)

ROM: Read-Only Memory (permanent)

Cache: Ultra-fast temporary storage

3. Storage

HDD: Hard Disk Drive (mechanical)

SSD: Solid State Drive (faster, no moving parts)

Cloud: Remote storage via internet

4. Motherboard

Main circuit board connecting all components

I/O ports
PCI slots
BIOS
Bus connectors

Input/Output Devices

Input Devices	Output Devices
Keyboard, Mouse, Scanner, Microphone, Camera, Touch Screen	Monitor, Printer, Speaker, Projector, Headphones

📊 Computer Generations

Generation	Period	Technology	Examples
1st	1940s-1950s	Vacuum tubes	ENIAC, UNIVAC
2nd	1950s-1960s	Transistors	IBM 1401
3rd	1960s-1970s	Integrated Circuits	IBM 360
4th	1970s-1990s	Microprocessors	Personal Computers
5th	1990s-Present	AI, Cloud, Mobile	Smartphones, IoT, Supercomputers

Week 2: Software & Operating Systems

Understanding software types and OS fundamentals

⚙️ What is Software?

Software: A collection of instructions/programs that enable a computer to function

Without software, hardware is useless!

Types of Software

1. System Software

Controls and manages computer hardware

Examples:

Windows
macOS
Linux
Device Drivers

2. Application Software

Performs specific tasks for users

Examples:

Microsoft Office
OBS Portal
WhatsApp
Web Browsers

3. Utility Programs

Improve performance and security

Examples:

Antivirus & Firewalls
Backup tools
Disk cleanup
Screen savers
File compression

🖥️ Operating Systems (OS)

Operating System: The most important software that controls all other programs

Manages hardware, files, memory, and user interface

Types of Operating Systems

Type	Examples	Use Case
Desktop OS	Windows, macOS, Linux	Personal computers
Mobile OS	Android, iOS	Smartphones, tablets
Server OS	Windows Server, Linux	Web servers, databases
Embedded OS	ATM systems, Car computers	Specialized devices

Functions of Operating Systems

Booting: Starting/restarting the computer (Cold boot vs Warm boot)
Process Management: Running and scheduling programs
Memory Management: Allocating RAM to processes
File Management: Organizing and storing files
Device Management: Controlling hardware devices
Security: Authentication and access control
User Interface: GUI or CLI interaction

🌍 Applications of ICT in Daily Life

Education

E-learning platforms, OBS portal, online courses

Healthcare

E-Nabız system, medical records, telemedicine

Banking

Online banking, mobile payments, ATMs

Commerce

E-commerce, Trendyol, Amazon

Government

E-Devlet, digital services, online taxes

Entertainment

Streaming, gaming, social media

Week 3: Computer Architecture & Networks

System design and networking fundamentals

🏗️ Computer Architecture

Computer Architecture: Defines how hardware, software, and data interact

Determines system performance and organization

Information Processing Cycle

Input → Process → Output → Storage

Input: Data collection through input devices
Process: CPU processes the data
Output: Results displayed via output devices
Storage: Information saved for future use

🌐 Computer Networks

                    Network: A system connecting multiple computing devices to share resources and exchange data
                

Types of Networks

Type	Coverage	Example
PAN (Personal Area Network)	Few meters	Bluetooth, USB
HAN (Home Area Network)	Single home	Home Wi-Fi, IoT devices
LAN (Local Area Network)	Building/Campus	Office network, school network
MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)	City-wide	City network connecting multiple LANs
WAN (Wide Area Network)	Large geographic area	Internet

Network Topologies

Bus Topology

All devices connected to a single cable

✅ Simple, low cost
❌ Single point of failure

Ring Topology

Devices connected in a circular chain

✅ Equal access
❌ Break affects all

Star Topology

All devices connect to central hub

✅ Easy to manage
❌ Hub failure affects all

Mesh Topology

Multiple interconnections

✅ High reliability
❌ Expensive

📡 TCP/IP Protocol Layers

Layer	Function	Protocols/Examples
Application Layer	Communication between applications	HTTP, SMTP, FTP, DNS
Transport Layer	Reliable data transfer	TCP (reliable), UDP (faster)
Internet Layer	IP addressing and routing	IP Protocol
Network Access Layer	Physical network interface	Ethernet, Wi-Fi

Network Devices

Hub: Broadcasts frames to all ports (legacy)
Switch: Forwards frames to destination MAC (LAN)
Router: Forwards packets between networks (IP)
Gateway: Translates between different protocols

🔐 Network Security

Common Threats

Malware: Viruses, trojans, ransomware
Phishing: Fake emails to steal information
Hacking: Unauthorized access
Data Breach: Unauthorized data exposure

Security Solutions

Firewalls

Block unauthorized access

Encryption

Protect data in transit

Antivirus

Detect and remove malware

VPN

Secure remote connections

Best Practices

Use strong passwords (12+ characters)
Regularly update software
Backup important data
Educate users on phishing

Week 4: File Management

Organizing, storing, and managing digital files

📁 File Management Fundamentals

File Management: Organizing, storing, and retrieving data efficiently

What is a File?

A named collection of related information stored on secondary storage

Folder/Directory: Container organizing files hierarchically
Path: Unique address to locate a file
Extension: Suffix identifying file type (.pdf, .docx, .jpg)
Attributes: Name, type, size, date, permissions

File Operations

Create: Making new files/folders

Read: Opening and viewing contents

Write: Modifying contents

Delete: Removing files/folders

Copy: Creating duplicates

Move: Relocating files/folders

🗂️ File Organization Strategies

Hierarchical Organization

Documents/
├── Work/
│   ├── Projects/
│   │   └── 2024/
│   └── Reports/
├── Personal/
│   ├── Photos/
│   └── Videos/
└── Education/
    ├── ICT_Course/
    └── Assignments/
                

Naming Conventions - Best Practices

DO ✅	DON'T ❌
Use descriptive names	Use vague names
Include dates (YYYY-MM-DD)	Use spaces
Use underscores or hyphens	Make names too long
Be consistent	Use special characters (< > : " \| ? *)

                    Good Example: ICT_Lecture4_2024-03-15.pdf

                    Bad Example: new doc (1).docx

💾 Backup and Recovery

3-2-1 Backup Strategy

                    3 copies of your data
2 different storage media
1 copy off-site (cloud)

                

Cloud Storage Services

Service	Free Storage	Benefits
Google Drive	15 GB	Google integration, collaboration
OneDrive	5 GB	Microsoft Office integration
Dropbox	2 GB	Easy sync, file versioning

Security Best Practices

Use strong passwords (12+ characters)
Keep software and OS updated
Use antivirus/antimalware
Encrypt sensitive files
Regular backups
Verify before deleting large files

Week 5: ICT Trends & Emerging Technologies

AI, Cloud Computing, IoT, Cybersecurity, and more

🤖 Artificial Intelligence (AI)

AI: Enables machines to perform tasks that normally require human intelligence

Practical Examples

Voice Assistants: Siri, Alexa, Google Assistant
Chatbots: Customer service automation
Image Recognition: Face detection, object recognition
Speech Recognition: Voice-to-text, translation

AI in Türkiye

Traffic management (İstanbul municipality)
Finance - fraud detection in banks
Healthcare - E-Nabız data analysis
Turkish language models and chatbots

🧠 Machine Learning (ML)

                    Machine Learning: A branch of AI that lets computers learn from data without explicit programming
                

Types of Learning

Supervised Learning

Learns from labeled data

Example: Email spam detection

Unsupervised Learning

Discovers hidden patterns

Example: Customer segmentation

Applications

Trendyol product recommendations
Fraud detection in banking
Medical diagnostics (E-Nabız data)
Predictive analytics

☁️ Cloud Computing

Cloud Computing: On-demand access to shared computing resources via the Internet

Replaces local hardware with virtual services

Advantages

Cost reduction (no upfront hardware costs)
Flexibility and scalability
Team collaboration
Anywhere access
Automatic updates

Types of Cloud Services

Service	Description	Examples
IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service)	Virtual servers and infrastructure	AWS, Azure, Google Cloud
PaaS (Platform as a Service)	App development tools and platforms	Heroku, Google App Engine
SaaS (Software as a Service)	Online applications	Google Workspace, Office 365

Cloud Computing in Türkiye

Public sector uses cloud for document management
Turkcell SuperOnline Cloud for local hosting
Universities use cloud for student portals and distance learning

🌐 Internet of Things (IoT)

IoT: Network of physical objects connected to the Internet

Collect and exchange data to improve efficiency

Examples

Smart Homes

Smart thermostats, lights, security cameras

Wearables

Fitness trackers, smartwatches

Industrial Sensors

Manufacturing monitoring, predictive maintenance

Smart Agriculture

Soil moisture sensors, weather monitoring

IoT in Türkiye

Smart city projects in İstanbul (traffic lights, waste management)
Agriculture IoT for soil moisture and weather monitoring
Smart transportation - İstanbulkart, real-time bus tracking

🔐 Cybersecurity

Common Threats

Phishing

Fake emails to steal information

Malware

Viruses, trojans, ransomware

Ransomware

Encrypts data, demands payment

Data Breaches

Unauthorized data exposure

Protection Methods

Multi-factor Authentication: Two or more verification methods
Encryption: Protect data in transit and at rest
Firewalls: Block unauthorized access
Regular Updates: Patch security vulnerabilities
User Awareness: Train users to recognize threats

📶 Other ICT Trends

Big Data Analytics

Processing massive datasets
Business intelligence and insights
Predictive analytics

5G Networks

Ultra-fast mobile internet
Low latency for real-time applications
Supports IoT and smart cities

Green ICT & Sustainability

Energy-efficient data centers
E-waste recycling
Carbon-neutral computing

Week 6: Microsoft Word

Document creation and professional formatting

📝 Introduction to Microsoft Word

Microsoft Word: A word-processing application for creating, editing, and formatting documents

Part of Microsoft 365, used in offices, universities, and public institutions

Why Word Matters for ICT Students

Communicate technical/analytical results clearly
Use styles, tables, figures, and citations for structure
Integrate with Excel, PowerPoint, OneDrive
Essential for e-office, ERP, and CRM environments

Evolution of Word Processing

Era	Technology
1950s-60s	Electric typewriters (limited editing)
1970s	Early computer word processors (WordStar, WordPerfect)
1983	Microsoft Word - GUI, menus, rich formatting
2000s-Now	Cloud integration, AI-assisted editing, collaboration

🖥️ Word Interface Components

Title Bar: Document name and window controls
Ribbon Tabs: Home, Insert, Layout, References, Review
Quick Access Toolbar: Save (Ctrl+S), Undo, Redo
Status Bar: Page number, word count, language
Ruler: Set margins and indents

Key Ribbon Tabs

Home

Font, paragraph, styles, clipboard

Insert

Tables, pictures, shapes, headers/footers

Layout

Margins, orientation, columns, breaks

References

Table of contents, citations, footnotes

✨ Document Formatting

Text Formatting

Font: Type, size, color, bold, italic, underline
Alignment: Left, center, right, justify
Spacing: Line spacing, paragraph spacing
Lists: Numbered and bulleted lists

Styles

Styles (Heading 1/2): Create document structure + automatic table of contents

Ensures consistency and professional appearance

Page Layout

Margins: Normal (2.54 cm), Narrow, Wide
Orientation: Portrait, Landscape
Headers/Footers: Page numbers, document info
Section Breaks: Mixed layouts in one document
Title Page: IEU logo + student information

📊 Tables and Advanced Features

Tables

Insert → Table for inventories, budgets, schedules
Merge cells, apply shading and borders
Paste & link Excel charts for auto-updates

Professional Communication

Use formal templates and consistent tone
Cite sources using References tab
Table of Contents (TOC) for long documents
Footnotes and endnotes for citations

Ethical Considerations

Avoid plagiarism: Use citation tools responsibly
Redact sensitive data: Before sharing
Respect licensing: Copyright on templates and assets

💾 Saving and Exporting

Saving Documents

Ctrl+S: Quick save
Save As: Different location or format
OneDrive: Cloud storage and collaboration
AutoSave: Enable for cloud-stored documents

Export Formats

PDF: For e-Devlet/OBS submissions (maintains formatting)
Plain Text: Basic text without formatting
Web Page: HTML format

Week 7: Microsoft Excel

Spreadsheets, formulas, and data visualization

📊 Introduction to Excel

Excel: A powerful spreadsheet application used across industries

Vital for data entry/management, analysis/reporting, and decision support in ICT

Excel in the ICT World

Integrates with databases, BI tools, and e-Government datasets
Used for financial analysis, data organization, and reporting
Essential for business intelligence and analytics

🖥️ Excel Interface

Key Components

Ribbon Tabs: Home, Insert, Formulas, Data, View
Name Box: Shows active cell reference
Formula Bar: Enter/edit formulas and cell contents
Worksheet Tabs: Sheet1, Sheet2... (multiple sheets per workbook)
Status Bar: Shows Average, Count, Sum of selected cells

Cell References

Relative (A1)

Changes when copied

Absolute ($A$1)

Stays fixed when copied

Mixed ($A1 or A$1)

Partially fixed

🔢 Formulas and Functions

All formulas start with =

Examples: =A1+B1, =A1*B1, =A1-B1

Excel recalculates automatically when values change

Math Functions

Function	Purpose	Example
`=SUM(A2:A10)`	Adds a range of numbers	Total sales
`=AVERAGE(B2:B10)`	Finds the mean	Average grade
`=MIN(C2:C10)`	Smallest value	Minimum price
`=MAX(C2:C10)`	Largest value	Maximum score
`=ROUND(D2,2)`	Rounds to decimal places	4.5678 → 4.57

Statistical Functions

COUNT(range): Counts numeric cells
COUNTA(range): Counts non-empty cells
COUNTIF(range, criteria): Counts cells meeting criteria
Example: =COUNTIF(B2:B8,">=50") counts cells ≥ 50

Logical Functions

=IF(condition, value_if_true, value_if_false)
Example: =IF(B2>=50, "Pass", "Fail")
                

🎨 Formatting and Data Organization

Cell Formatting

Font: Size, color, bold, italic
Borders: Cell boundaries and gridlines
Number Formats:
- Currency (₺)
- Date (ISO format)
- Percentage (%)
Alignment: Wrap text, center, indent

Tables (Ctrl+T)

Excel Tables: Structured data with automatic filtering and formulas

Acts as staging area before DB/BI ingestion
Robust filtering capabilities
Clean data pipelines

Conditional Formatting

Color scales for data visualization
Data bars show relative values
Icon sets (arrows, traffic lights)
Highlight values meeting criteria

📈 Charts and Visualization

Chart Types

Column/Bar Charts

Compare values across categories

Line Charts

Show trends over time

Pie Charts

Show proportions/percentages

Scatter Plots

Show relationships between variables

Creating Charts

Select your data range
Insert → Chart Type
Customize with Chart Tools
Add titles, labels, legends

🔄 Pivot Tables and Analysis

Pivot Tables: Powerful tool for summarizing and analyzing large datasets

Creating a Pivot Table

Select table → Insert → PivotTable
Choose fields (e.g., Dept, City, Amount)
Summarize by Sum/Count/Average
Add filters and slicers

Pivot Charts

Visual snapshot that updates with the pivot table

Useful for e-Devlet usage statistics by service

Week 8: Databases & SQL

Data management and structured query language

🗄️ Database Fundamentals

Database: An organized collection of structured information or data

Stored electronically in a computer system

Database Components

Tables: Store data in rows and columns
Records (Rows): Individual entries
Fields (Columns): Attributes or properties
Keys: Unique identifiers (Primary, Foreign)
Relationships: Connections between tables

📊 Relational Databases

Relational Model: Data stored in tables with relationships between them

Key Concepts

Table = Relation: Collection of related data
Row = Record: Single entry (also called tuple)
Column = Attribute: Property or field
Primary Key: Unique identifier for each record
Foreign Key: Links tables together

Popular Relational Databases

MySQL

PostgreSQL

Oracle

SQL Server

SQLite

💻 SQL (Structured Query Language)

SQL: Standard language for relational databases

Used to create, read, update, and delete data

SQL Command Categories

Category	Purpose	Commands
DDL (Data Definition)	Define database structure	CREATE, DROP, ALTER, TRUNCATE
DML (Data Manipulation)	Manipulate data	INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE
DQL (Data Query)	Query data	SELECT
DCL (Data Control)	Control access	GRANT, REVOKE
TCL (Transaction Control)	Manage transactions	COMMIT, ROLLBACK, SAVEPOINT

🔍 Basic SQL Queries

SELECT Statement

-- Select all columns
SELECT * FROM Employees;

-- Select specific columns
SELECT FirstName, LastName, Department 
FROM Employees;

-- With condition
SELECT * FROM Employees 
WHERE Department = 'IT';

-- Sorting
SELECT * FROM Employees 
ORDER BY LastName ASC;
                

INSERT Statement

INSERT INTO Employees (FirstName, LastName, Department)
VALUES ('Ali', 'Yilmaz', 'IT');
                

UPDATE Statement

UPDATE Employees
SET Department = 'Marketing'
WHERE EmployeeID = 5;
                

DELETE Statement

DELETE FROM Employees
WHERE EmployeeID = 5;
                

📈 Aggregation Functions

Function	Purpose	Example
COUNT()	Count rows	`SELECT COUNT(*) FROM Employees;`
SUM()	Sum values	`SELECT SUM(Salary) FROM Employees;`
AVG()	Average value	`SELECT AVG(Salary) FROM Employees;`
MAX()	Maximum value	`SELECT MAX(Salary) FROM Employees;`
MIN()	Minimum value	`SELECT MIN(Salary) FROM Employees;`

🔗 Joins

Joins: Combine rows from two or more tables based on related columns

Types of Joins

INNER JOIN: Returns matching rows from both tables
LEFT JOIN: Returns all rows from left table, matching rows from right
RIGHT JOIN: Returns all rows from right table, matching rows from left
FULL OUTER JOIN: Returns all rows when there's a match in either table

-- INNER JOIN Example
SELECT Employees.Name, Departments.DeptName
FROM Employees
INNER JOIN Departments
ON Employees.DeptID = Departments.DeptID;
                

🚀 NoSQL Databases

NoSQL: Non-relational database model designed for Big Data and high-speed systems

Flexible schema and horizontal scalability

Types of NoSQL Databases

Document

MongoDB, CouchDB

Store JSON-like documents

Key-Value

Redis, DynamoDB

Simple key-value pairs

Column-Family

Cassandra, HBase

Wide-column stores

Graph

Neo4j, ArangoDB

Network relationships

When to Use SQL vs NoSQL

Use SQL When...	Use NoSQL When...
Structured data	Unstructured/semi-structured data
Strong consistency needed	High scalability needed
Complex queries and joins	Simple queries
Transactional systems	High-speed read/write

📊 Data Warehouses

Data Warehouse: Centralized database designed for analysis

Historical data storage and OLAP queries

Characteristics

Subject-oriented (organized by business topics)
Integrated (combines data from multiple sources)
Time-variant (historical data)
Non-volatile (read-only for analysis)

Week 9: Data Processing & Big Data

Understanding large-scale data processing

💾 Data vs Information

Data

Raw facts and figures

Unprocessed, no context

Example: 35, 25, 40

Information

Processed data with meaning

Context and interpretation

Example: Average age is 33.3 years

🌊 Big Data

Big Data: Extremely large datasets that traditional software cannot handle

The 5 V's of Big Data

Volume

Massive amounts of data (petabytes)

Velocity

High-speed data generation and processing

Variety

Different data types and sources

Veracity

Data quality and accuracy

Value

Extracting meaningful insights

🐘 Hadoop Ecosystem

Hadoop: Framework for distributed storage and processing of Big Data

Core Components

HDFS (Hadoop Distributed File System): Distributed storage
MapReduce: Parallel processing framework
YARN: Resource management

MapReduce Process

Map: Split data into key-value pairs
Shuffle: Group data by keys
Reduce: Aggregate and process grouped data

⚡ Data Processing Types

Batch Processing

Process large volumes at scheduled times

Example: Daily sales reports

Real-Time Processing

Process data as it arrives

Example: Stock trading, fraud detection

Stream Processing

Continuous data flow processing

Example: IoT sensor data, social media feeds

Week 10: Business Intelligence & Analytics

Turning data into actionable insights

📊 What is Business Intelligence?

Business Intelligence (BI): Technology-driven process for analyzing data and presenting actionable information to help decision-makers

Focus: Past and current business performance

BI vs Analytics

Business Intelligence	Analytics
What happened? (Descriptive)	Why did it happen? (Diagnostic)
Historical data analysis	Predictive and prescriptive
Reporting and dashboards	Advanced statistical analysis
Business users	Data scientists

🏗️ BI System Architecture

Data Sources → ETL → Data Warehouse → BI Tools → Users

Components

Data Sources: Databases, APIs, files, sensors
ETL (Extract, Transform, Load): Data integration process
Data Warehouse: Centralized storage for analysis
BI Tools: Reporting, dashboards, analytics
Users: Business analysts, managers, executives

📈 Data Warehouse

Data Warehouse: Centralized database designed for analysis

Historical data storage and supports OLAP queries

OLAP (Online Analytical Processing)

Multi-dimensional analysis
Drill-down and drill-up capabilities
Slice and dice data
Fast query performance

🛠️ BI Tools

Microsoft Power BI

Popular business analytics tool

Tableau

Visual analytics platform

Qlik Sense

Self-service BI

Excel Dashboards

Accessible and familiar

SAP BusinessObjects

Enterprise BI suite

📊 Dashboards & KPIs

Dashboard: Visual display of key performance indicators (KPIs)

Helps monitor performance quickly and make data-driven decisions

Dashboard Components

Charts: Line, bar, pie charts for trends and comparisons
Tables: Detailed data views
KPI Cards: Key metrics at a glance
Filters: Interactive data exploration
Real-time Updates: Current data display

Types of Analytics

Descriptive

What happened?

Reports, dashboards

Diagnostic

Why did it happen?

Drill-down analysis

Predictive

What will happen?

Machine learning models

Prescriptive

What should we do?

Recommendations, optimization

🎯 BI in ICT Systems

Applications

Dashboards added to ERP, CRM, HR systems
Real-time decision support for business operations
E-commerce analytics and recommendations
Customer behavior analysis

Case Study: Netflix

Predictive Analytics: Predict what users want to watch
Personalized Recommendations: Machine Learning algorithms
Business Impact: Saves up to $1B annually by reducing customer churn

🔮 Machine Learning in Analytics

Applications

Fraud Detection: Identify suspicious transactions
Recommendation Systems: Personalized suggestions
Customer Segmentation: Group similar customers
Churn Prediction: Identify customers likely to leave
Demand Forecasting: Predict future sales

🚀 Future of BI & Analytics

AI-driven automated insights: Systems that automatically find patterns
Real-time streaming analytics: Instant data processing
IoT & Edge computing: Analytics at the source
Natural Language Processing: Ask questions in plain English
Augmented Analytics: AI-assisted data exploration

Week 11: Project Management & SDLC

Managing ICT projects and software development

📋 What is Project Management?

Project: Temporary effort with specific goals, defined beginning and end

Project Management: Balancing scope, time, cost, and quality

Project Characteristics

Temporary: Has a defined start and end date
Unique: Creates something that doesn't exist
Progressive: Developed in steps
Goal-oriented: Achieves specific objectives

🎯 Project Life Cycle

Five Phases

Initiation: Define project, identify stakeholders, create charter
Planning: Define scope, schedule, budget, resources
Execution: Carry out project work, manage team
Monitoring & Control: Track progress, manage changes
Closure: Complete deliverables, document lessons learned

💻 Common ICT Project Types

Software Development

Web apps, mobile apps, enterprise software

Network Infrastructure

Network design, installation, upgrades

System Implementation

ERP, CRM, database systems

Cybersecurity

Security audits, penetration testing

🌊 Waterfall Methodology

Waterfall: Linear and sequential approach

Each phase completed before the next begins

Phases

Requirements: Gather and document all requirements
Design: Create system architecture and design
Implementation: Write code and build system
Testing: Verify system works correctly
Deployment: Release to production
Maintenance: Fix bugs and add features

When to Use Waterfall

Requirements are clear and stable
Technology is well understood
Projects with strong regulatory documentation needs
Fixed budget and timeline

Example: Government System

Long, formal approval processes
Fixed budget and scope
Detailed documentation required

🔄 Agile Methodology

Agile: Iterative and incremental development

Focus on customer collaboration and flexibility

Agile Principles

Customer satisfaction through early and continuous delivery
Welcome changing requirements
Deliver working software frequently
Close collaboration between developers and business
Face-to-face communication
Working software is primary measure of progress
Sustainable development pace
Continuous attention to technical excellence

Sprints/Iterations

Work delivered in small pieces called iterations or sprints (typically 1-4 weeks)

Sprint Planning → Daily Standups → Development → Sprint Review → Sprint Retrospective
                

Example: E-Commerce Project

Sprint 1: Basic product catalog
Sprint 2: Shopping cart and checkout
Sprint 3: Payment integration
Sprint 4: Recommendation engine

🏃 Scrum Framework

Scrum: Popular Agile framework with defined roles and ceremonies

Scrum Roles

Product Owner

Defines features and priorities

Manages product backlog

Scrum Master

Facilitates process

Removes obstacles

Development Team

Builds the product

Self-organizing

Scrum Ceremonies

Sprint Planning: Plan work for the sprint
Daily Standup: 15-minute sync meeting
Sprint Review: Demo completed work
Sprint Retrospective: Reflect and improve

📊 Waterfall vs Agile

Aspect	Waterfall	Agile
Approach	Sequential, linear	Iterative, incremental
Requirements	Fixed at start	Can change
Customer Involvement	Beginning and end	Continuous
Testing	After implementation	Throughout development
Delivery	End of project	Frequent releases
Documentation	Extensive	Minimal, sufficient
Best For	Stable requirements, regulated	Changing requirements, innovation

⚠️ Risk Management

Common ICT Project Risks

Scope Creep: Uncontrolled changes expanding scope
Technical Issues: Technology limitations, integration problems
Resource Constraints: Lack of skilled personnel, budget
Schedule Delays: Missed deadlines, dependencies
Security Vulnerabilities: Data breaches, cyber attacks

Risk Response Strategies

Avoid

Eliminate the risk

Mitigate

Reduce likelihood or impact

Transfer

Shift risk to third party

Accept

Acknowledge and monitor

📈 Project Management Tools

Gantt Charts

Visual timeline showing tasks, dependencies, milestones

Kanban Boards

Visual workflow management (To Do, In Progress, Done)

Burndown Charts

Track remaining work in sprint

Risk Register

Document risks, probability, impact, responses

Software Tools

Jira

Trello

Asana

Microsoft Project

Monday.com

Slack

🎯 Key Takeaways

Projects are temporary efforts with specific goals
Project management helps balance scope, time, cost, and quality
ICT projects are complex and require good planning and communication
Waterfall is linear and sequential - best for stable requirements
Agile is iterative and flexible - best for changing requirements
Risk management and stakeholder management are critical for success
Choose methodology based on project characteristics and constraints

📚 ICT Complete Study Guide

Week 1: Introduction to ICT & Hardware

💻 What is ICT?

Main Components of ICT

Real-World Example

🖥️ Computer Hardware Fundamentals

Main Hardware Components

1. CPU (Central Processing Unit)

2. Memory

3. Storage

4. Motherboard

Input/Output Devices

📊 Computer Generations

Week 2: Software & Operating Systems

⚙️ What is Software?

Types of Software

1. System Software

2. Application Software

3. Utility Programs

🖥️ Operating Systems (OS)

Types of Operating Systems

Functions of Operating Systems

🌍 Applications of ICT in Daily Life

Education

Healthcare

Banking

Commerce

Government

Entertainment

Week 3: Computer Architecture & Networks

🏗️ Computer Architecture

Information Processing Cycle

🌐 Computer Networks

Types of Networks

Network Topologies

Bus Topology

Ring Topology

Star Topology

Mesh Topology

📡 TCP/IP Protocol Layers

Network Devices

🔐 Network Security

Common Threats

Security Solutions

Firewalls

Encryption

Antivirus

VPN

Best Practices

Week 4: File Management

📁 File Management Fundamentals

What is a File?

File Operations

🗂️ File Organization Strategies

Hierarchical Organization

Naming Conventions - Best Practices

💾 Backup and Recovery

3-2-1 Backup Strategy

Cloud Storage Services

Security Best Practices

Week 5: ICT Trends & Emerging Technologies

🤖 Artificial Intelligence (AI)

Practical Examples

AI in Türkiye

🧠 Machine Learning (ML)

Types of Learning

Supervised Learning

Unsupervised Learning

Applications

☁️ Cloud Computing

Advantages

Types of Cloud Services

Cloud Computing in Türkiye

🌐 Internet of Things (IoT)

Examples

Smart Homes

Wearables

Industrial Sensors

Smart Agriculture

IoT in Türkiye